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The most informative and moderate site on genesis, development and reality of Shiism; a religion founded by the Jew Abdullah Ibn Saba' designed to weaken Islam internally and take the entire Islamic nation to the worship of the Jewish Antichrist (Arabic 'Al-Masih Ad-Dajjal').

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Map showing future avenue of the appearance of the Antichrist; between Syria and Iraq and in another authentic narration of the Prophet Muhammad, in Isfahan, Iran.

Shiism is one of the two major branches of Islam, with deep historical roots that trace back to the early period of Islamic history. Its emergence is closely tied to political, theological, and social developments following the death of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). While Sunni and Shiite narratives differ significantly regarding the origins of Shiism, this article aims to present a balanced perspective, incorporating both views and addressing the role of Abdullah Ibn Saba’ in historical polemics.

Origins of Shiism: Political or Theological?

The Sunni perspective generally views Shiism as a political movement that arose in support of Ali ibn Abi Talib (RA), the cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). Sunnis maintain that the concept of Imamate, as central to Shiism, developed gradually and was not an integral part of early Islam. They argue that leadership in Islam was meant to be determined through consultation (shura), as was the case with the first three caliphs: Abu Bakr, Umar, and Uthman (RA).

On the other hand, Shiite tradition holds that the leadership of the Muslim community was divinely ordained and that Ali (RA) was explicitly appointed by the Prophet as his rightful successor at Ghadir Khumm. Shiism asserts that the Ahlul Bayt (the family of the Prophet) hold a unique and divinely guided status, which led to the concept of Imamate as a theological necessity for the preservation of true Islamic teachings.

Development of Shiism: Key Historical Phases

1. The Early Period (632–661 CE)

The seeds of Shiism were sown immediately after the death of the Prophet. The issue of succession led to divisions, with a group believing that Ali (RA) was the rightful leader. His eventual caliphate (656–661 CE) was marked by civil strife, including the Battle of the Camel and the Battle of Siffin, further entrenching the division between his supporters and those aligned with other prominent companions.

2. The Umayyad Era (661–750 CE)

Following Ali’s assassination, his son Hasan (RA) briefly assumed leadership before ceding authority to Mu'awiya (RA), the founder of the Umayyad Caliphate. However, the martyrdom of Hussein (RA) at Karbala in 680 CE became a defining moment for Shiite identity. This event reinforced the perception that the Ahlul Bayt were oppressed and that legitimate Islamic leadership was being usurped.

3. The Abbasid Era and the Formation of Shiite Doctrines (750–1258 CE)

The Abbasid revolution initially had Shiite support, as it was framed as a movement to restore leadership to the Prophet’s family. However, once in power, the Abbasids distanced themselves from Shiism. During this period, Shiite theological foundations were further developed, with doctrines of Imamate becoming more elaborate. Different Shiite sects emerged, including the Twelvers, Ismailis, and Zaydis, each with varying interpretations of Imamate and leadership.

The Role of Abdullah Ibn Saba’ in Historical Polemics

Abdullah Ibn Saba’ is a controversial figure whose historical existence is debated. According to some Sunni sources, he was a Jewish convert to Islam who allegedly sought to create discord within the Muslim community by exaggerating the status of Ali (RA) and introducing extremist beliefs. He is accused of promoting the idea that Ali was divinely appointed and even possessed semi-divine attributes.

However, Shiite scholars and many modern historians question the authenticity of these accounts. They argue that the figure of Ibn Saba’ was later exaggerated or even fabricated by polemical Sunni historians such as Sayf ibn Umar, who is considered an unreliable narrator by many classical scholars. Shiite scholars maintain that their beliefs in Imamate and the special status of Ahlul Bayt were not derived from Ibn Saba’ but from the teachings of the Prophet himself and his family.

Shiism in the Modern Era

Shiism has continued to evolve over centuries, adapting to political and social changes. The Iranian Revolution of 1979 marked a turning point, establishing a Shiite theocratic state that significantly influenced global Shiite movements. Meanwhile, Shiite communities in various parts of the world, including Iraq, Lebanon, Pakistan, and the Gulf region, continue to play significant roles in contemporary Islamic discourse.

Conclusion: A Nuanced Understanding

The origins and development of Shiism cannot be reduced to a singular narrative. While Sunni and Shiite perspectives differ on key historical events, it is essential to recognize the complexity of early Islamic history and the diverse factors that contributed to the formation of Shiism. The role of Abdullah Ibn Saba’ remains a point of contention, often used in sectarian debates rather than as a definitive historical account.

Understanding Shiism requires a balanced approach that considers both historical evidence and the perspectives of those within the tradition. Engaging in constructive dialogue and mutual respect between Sunni and Shiite communities remains crucial for fostering unity within the Muslim world.